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The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order ((ロシア語:Отдѣленіе по Охраненію Общественной Безопасности и Порядка)), usually called "guard department" (''okhrannoye otdelenie'') and commonly abbreviated in modern sources as Okhrana〔"Okhrana" literally means "the guard"〕 or Okhranka〔"Okhranka" is a Russian language form of abbreviation of phrases when the main meaning is defined by an adjective〕 in Russia,〔Evtuhov & Kotkin 2003, p. 137〕 was a secret police force of the Russian Empire and part of the police department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in the late 19th century, aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes. ==Overview== Formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity,〔(Okhrana ) ''Britannica Online''〕 the Okhrana operated offices throughout the Russian Empire and satellite agencies in a number of foreign nations. It was concerned primarily with monitoring the activities of Russian revolutionaries abroad, most notably in Paris, where Pyotr Rachkovsky was based (1884–1902). The task was performed by multiple methods, including covert operations, undercover agents, and "perlustration" — reading of private correspondence. Even the Foreign Agency served this purpose. The Okhrana was notorious for its agents provocateurs, including Dr. Jacob Zhitomirsky (a leading Bolshevik and close associate of Vladimir Lenin), Yevno Azef, Roman Malinovsky and Dmitry Bogrov. The Okhrana tried to compromise the labour movement by creating police-run trade unions, a practice known as ''zubatovshchina''. The agency was blamed by the Communists in part for the Bloody Sunday event, when imperial guards killed hundreds of unarmed protesters who were marching during a demonstration organized by Father Gapon, who was alleged by the Bolsheviks to have collaborated with the Okhrana (though in fact this was unproven), and Pyotr Rutenberg. Other controversial activities included alleged fabrication of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' (many historians such as the German historian Konrad Heiden〔(Forging Protocols ) by Charles Paul Freund. ''Reason Magazine'', February 2000〕 and Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine maintain that Matvei Golovinski, a writer and Okhrana agent, compiled the first edition) and fabrication of the antisemitic Beilis trial. Suspects captured by the Okhrana were passed to the Russian judicial system. The Okhrana never received more than 10% of the police budget, the most it ever received being five million rubles in 1914.〔Ian D. Thatcher, Late Imperial Russia: problems and prospects, page 50〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Okhrana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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